Blockchain and crypto-assets

Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on markets in crypto-assets (MiCA) has applied in full since 30 December 2024. In Slovakia it is implemented by Act No. 248/2024 Coll. on certain obligations and powers in the field of crypto-assets. A crypto-asset service provider (CASP) needs a licence, which in Slovakia is granted by Národná banka Slovenska. We will assess whether your activity falls under MiCA, prepare the application and set up internal processes so that they stand up to supervision.

The end of the transitional period and passporting

The transitional period during which crypto-asset services could be provided on the basis of a trade licence ended in Slovakia on 30 December 2025. In the other EU states it ended no later than 1 July 2026. Anyone providing services today without authorisation is engaging in unauthorised business and faces sanctions under MiCA as well as criminal liability. A licence from one EU state, by contrast, makes it possible to provide services throughout the Union without further national authorisations.

How the licensing procedure works

The NBS has 25 working days to assess the completeness of the application and 40 working days to decide once the application is complete. In practice, the quality of preparation is decisive: the business plan, the description of services, internal rules, the AML programme, protection of client assets, ICT risk management under the DORA Regulation and proof of the integrity and expertise of the management. An incomplete application halts the procedure for months. We will prepare the entire package with you and represent you in communication with the NBS.

Stablecoins (ART / EMT)

For asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens, special rules apply, including conditions for issuance and reserve backing. We will assess which category your token falls into and what that means for your obligations.

The tokenisation of assets, public token offerings (ICO/IEO) and the design of the token itself have fundamental legal, tax and jurisdictional consequences. We will design a structure that stands up before the regulator and the investor.

Types of tokens

By function we distinguish in particular currency, utility, equity and security tokens — each with different obligations. Security and asset-referenced tokens often come close to securities or to the MiCA categories, which changes the rules of the game.

Whitepaper and offering

For a crypto-asset offering, MiCA requires a whitepaper with prescribed content and notification to the competent authority. We will prepare the documentation and the corporate structure, including an analysis of the tax impacts of issuance and distribution.

Accepting crypto-assets in the ordinary running of a company, holding them or exchanging them has accounting and tax consequences that changed as of 2026. We will prepare legal-tax opinions and internal directives.

Taxation of crypto-assets in 2026

An individual's income from the sale, exchange or use of a crypto-asset for payment is other income under Section 8 of Act No. 595/2003 Coll. on income tax. From 1 January 2026 it is taxed at a progressive rate of 19 % to 35 % depending on the amount of the tax base and is subject to health insurance contributions of 16 %. In Slovakia there is neither a holding-period test nor an exemption after one year of holding; the exchange of one crypto-asset for another is also taxable. Companies tax crypto-assets as part of their profit or loss and must value them correctly in their accounts. In addition, from 2026 the automatic reporting of transactions under the DAC8 directive applies (Council Directive (EU) 2023/2226, implemented in Slovakia by Act No. 200/2025 Coll.): service providers will report your trades to the Financial Administration for the first time for 2026, by 31 May 2027. The tax office will therefore have the data before it even asks. We will prepare an opinion on your situation, set up the records and represent you during an audit.

Internal directives and records

We help companies set up internal rules for working with crypto-assets — from transaction records through valuation to the fulfilment of AML obligations.

Cryptocurrency mining and the operation of blockchain infrastructure bring specific tax, energy and regulatory questions. We will advise how to set them up correctly from the start.

Taxes, energy and permits

We will assess income from mining and validation rewards from the perspective of both income tax and VAT and set up the records. For larger operations we will help with energy contracts, grid connection and permits so that the operation stands on firm legal foundations.